Lesson 2: To Be & Pronouns

Subject Pronouns (Подлог)

Who does the action? In English, you MUST have a subject.
BG: "Е доктор" -> EN: "He is a doctor."

English	IPA	Bulgarian
I	/aɪ/	Аз
You	/juː/	Ти / Вие
He	/hiː/	Той
She	/ʃiː/	Тя
It	/ɪt/	То
We	/wiː/	Ние
They	/ðeɪ/	Те

Examples in Context

I am happy. (Аз съм щастлив.)
She is smart. (Тя е умна.)
It is raining. (Вали.)
We are students. (Ние сме ученици.)
They are late. (Те закъсняват.)

⚠️ Edge Cases

1. Animals: Use It (The dog is big. It is hungry). Use He/She if it is a pet with a name (Rex is good. He is sitting).

2. "It" for ID: "Who is it?" -> "It is me." (Identifying people).

Object Pronouns (Допълнение)

Who receives the action? (Кого/На кого?)

English	IPA	Bulgarian
Me	/miː/	Мен / Ми
You	/juː/	Теб / Ти / Ви
Him	/hɪm/	Него / Му
Her	/hɜːr/	Нея / Ѝ
It	/ɪt/	Го / Му (за предмети)
Us	/ʌs/	Нас / Ни
Them	/ðem/	Тях / Им

Examples in Context

She calls me. (Тя ми се обажда.)
I see him. (Аз го виждам.)
Give it to John. (Дай го на Джон.)
Wait for us. (Чакай ни.)
Talk to them. (Говори с тях.)

⚠️ Rule: "Him and I" or "Him and Me"?
✅ Subject (Start): He and I are friends. (Той и аз сме...)
✅ Object (End): She helps him and me. (Тя помага на него и мен)

The Verb "To Be"

1. Affirmative (+)

Long	Short	Example
I am	I'm	I'm ready.
He is	He's	He's busy.
She is	She's	She's here.
It is	It's	It's cold.
We are	We're	We're friends.
You are	You're	You're late.
They are	They're	They're happy.

2. Negative (-)

Add not after the verb.
Note: There is NO "amn't". Use "I'm not".

Long	Short	Example
I am not	I'm not	I'm not sad.
He is not	He isn't	He isn't home.
She is not	She isn't	She isn't a doctor.
It is not	It isn't	It isn't fast.
We are not	We aren't	We aren't lost.
You are not	You aren't	You aren't busy.
They are not	They aren't	They aren't here.

3. Questions (?) & Inversion

🇧🇬 BG vs 🇬🇧 EN Question Logic:
In Bulgarian, you often use the particle "ли" or just change your intonation (Tone).
"Той е тук." -> "Той тук ли е?" / "Той е тук?"

In English, you CANNOT just change intonation. You MUST move the verb to the front.
❌ "He is here?" (Only in surprise, not standard grammar)
✅ "Is he here?"

To ask a question, we swap (invert) the Subject and the Verb.

Statement

You are happy.

🔀

Question

Are you happy?

Statement	Question	Short Answer
I am late.	Am I late?	Yes, you are.
He is happy.	Is he happy?	Yes, he is.
She is rich.	Is she rich?	No, she isn't.
It is cold.	Is it cold?	Yes, it is.
We are lost.	Are we lost?	No, we aren't.
You are busy.	Are you busy?	Yes, I am.
They are here.	Are they here?	Yes, they are.

This, That, These, Those

Word	Meaning	Distance	Number
This	Това	👇 Near	1 (Single)
That	Онова	👉 Far	1 (Single)
These	Тези	👇 Near	2+ (Plural)
Those	Онези	👉 Far	2+ (Plural)

Examples

This is my pen. (Here)
That is my car. (Over there)
These are my friends. (Here)
Those are birds. (Up in the sky)
I like this pizza.
Look at that house.

Vocabulary

Colors

Red

Blue

Green

Yellow

Black

White

Useful Words

English	IPA	Bulgarian
Friend	/frend/	Приятел
Teacher	/ˈtiːtʃər/	Учител
Student	/ˈstjuːdənt/	Ученик
School	/skuːl/	Училище
Work	/wɜːrk/	Работа
Big	/bɪɡ/	Голям
Small	/smɔːl/	Малък
Happy	/ˈhæpi/	Щастлив
Sad	/sæd/	Тъжен
Here	/hɪər/	Тук
Office	/ˈɒfɪs/	Офис
Manager	/ˈmænɪdʒər/	Мениджър
Coffee	/ˈkɒfi/	Кафе
Water	/ˈwɔːtər/	Вода
Please	/pliːz/	Моля
Thanks	/θæŋks/	Благодаря
Good	/ɡʊd/	Добър
Bad	/bæd/	Лош
Morning	/ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/	Сутрин
Evening	/ˈiːvnɪŋ/	Вечер
Table	/ˈteɪbl/	Маса
Chair	/tʃeər/	Стол
Pen	/pen/	Химикал
Phone	/foʊn/	Телефон
Computer	/kəmˈpjuːtər/	Компютър