Lesson 20: Gerunds & Infinitives

Verb Patterns · Nature & Pets
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Vocabulary

Click 🔊 to hear each word. These words are the building blocks for the gerund and infinitive patterns in this lesson.
Nature Nouns — Природа
valley/ˈvæli/valley · долина
slope/sləʊp/slope · склон
trail/treɪl/trail · пътека
meadow/ˈmedəʊ/meadow · ливада
pond/pɒnd/pond · езерце
nest/nest/nest · гнездо
den/den/den · бърлога
habitat/ˈhæbɪtæt/habitat · местообитание
species/ˈspiːʃiːz/species · вид (животно)
wildlife/ˈwaɪldlaɪf/wildlife · дива природа
Pet & Animal Nouns — Домашни любимци
shelter/ˈʃeltə/shelter · приют (за животни)
breed/briːd/breed · порода
leash/liːʃ/leash · каишка
paw/pɔː/paw · лапа
feather/ˈfeðə/feather · перо
stray/streɪ/stray · бездомно (животно)
vet/vet/vet · ветеринар
fur/fɜː/fur · козина
Describing Nature & Animals — Adjectives
wild/waɪld/wild · диво
tame/teɪm/tame · опитомено
endangered/ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd/endangered · застрашен вид
rare/reər/rare · рядък
playful/ˈpleɪfl/playful · игриво
gentle/ˈdʒentl/gentle · кротко / нежно
furry/ˈfɜːri/furry · пухкав
stressful/ˈstresfl/stressful · напрегнат
Key Verbs — Actions
adopt/əˈdɒpt/adopt · осиновявам
rescue/ˈreskjuː/rescue · спасявам
protect/prəˈtekt/protect · защитавам
explore/ɪkˈsplɔːr/explore · изследвам
feed/fiːd/feed · храня
camp/kæmp/camp · лагерувам
hike/haɪk/hike · туристически поход
Phrasal Verbs — Фразеологични глаголи
look after/lʊk ˈɑːftə/look after · грижа се за
clean up/kliːn ʌp/clean up · почиствам
pick up/pɪk ʌp/pick up · вдигам / прибирам
grow up/ɡrəʊ ʌp/grow up · пораствам
find out/faɪnd aʊt/find out · разбирам / откривам
give up/ɡɪv ʌp/give up · отказвам се
set off/set ɒf/set off · тръгвам / потеглям

Grammar Lab

B · Gerunds — Verb + ing

Turning an action into a "thing" — subject, object, or after a preposition

Rule 1 — Always after Prepositions
If a verb comes directly after in, at, of, about, for, on, with — it MUST end in -ing.
✔ "I am interested in protecting nature."
✔ "She is afraid of meeting a bear."
✔ "Thank you for looking after my cat."

🎯 Rule 2 — After Emotion & Preference Verbs

These verbs express how we feel about an activity — always followed by -ing:

  • love / like / enjoy: "I love exploring new trails."
  • hate / dislike: "He hates waking up early."
  • don't mind: "I don't mind cleaning up the campsite."
  • keep: "She keeps forgetting the leash."
  • finish / avoid / miss: "I miss camping in summer." / "Avoid feeding wild animals."

🎯 Rule 3 — Gerund as the Subject of a Sentence

A gerund can be the subject (the thing doing the action or being talked about). This is very common in English.

  • "Protecting nature is important."  (= "The protection of nature is important.")
  • "Hiking in the mountains is relaxing."
  • "Feeding stray animals can be dangerous."
  • "Adopting a pet is a big responsibility."
Exercise C  Easy  — Choose the gerund (-ing) form
1. Are you interested in ___ a rescue dog?
2. ___ the campsite is our responsibility.
3. I enjoy ___ along the forest trail.
4. She is afraid of ___ a wild animal alone.
5. ___ rare species is important for the planet.
Exercise D  Hard  — Fill in the gerund form
1. I love ___ (hike) in the mountains.
2. ___ (feed) wild animals is dangerous.
3. Thank you for ___ (look after) my cat.
4. He keeps ___ (forget) to bring the leash.
5. ___ (camp) near a pond can be beautiful.
C · Infinitives — To + Verb

Purpose, plans, wishes, and goals

🎯 Rule 1 — Infinitive of Purpose (The "Why")

Use to + verb to explain why you do something. (= "за да..." in Bulgarian)

  • "I went to the shelter to adopt a dog."
  • "She bought a new leash to walk her dog safely."
  • "We set off early to reach the valley before sunset."

🎯 Rule 2 — Verbs of Planning & Wishing

These verbs are always followed by to + verb:

  • want / need: "I want to rescue a stray dog."
  • plan / decide / choose: "We decided to explore the valley."
  • hope / expect / promise: "She hopes to see a wild deer."
  • would like / would love: "I would like to help at the shelter."
  • agree / refuse / manage: "He managed to find the trail."

⚠️ Like vs Would like

  • like + -ing (general truth): "I like swimming." — I always enjoy it.
  • would like + to (specific wish now/future): "I would like to swim today." — I want to do it right now.
Exercise E  Easy  — Choose the infinitive (to + verb)
1. I need a brush ___ my dog every day.
2. We plan ___ the national park next weekend.
3. She went to the pond ___ wild birds.
4. I would like ___ at the animal shelter on weekends.
5. He managed ___ the rare bird on the mountain slope.
Exercise F  Hard  — Fill in the infinitive (to + verb)
1. They decided ___ (adopt) the older dog from the shelter.
2. I study English ___ (find) a better job.
3. She hopes ___ (see) a wolf in the wild one day.
4. We set off early ___ (reach) the valley before dark.
5. He promised ___ (clean up) the campsite before leaving.
A · The Problem with "TO"

Direction (preposition) or Verb-link (particle)?

💡 The biggest A1 confusion

The word "to" does two completely different jobs. The word that follows it tells you which one.

TO = Direction (preposition)
Followed by a noun or place.

"I go to the park."
"She drives to the forest."
"We walked to the valley."
TO = Verb-link (infinitive particle)
Followed by a verb.

"I want to walk."
"She needs to explore."
"We decided to camp."

⚠️ The #1 "to" Trap — look forward to + -ing

Some fixed expressions end in the preposition to, not the infinitive particle. Because they end in "to", students often add a base verb — but they need -ing.

The most important one at A1:

  • look forward to + -ing: "I look forward to visiting the valley." (NOT "to visit")
  • be used to + -ing: "She is used to hiking long distances." (NOT "to hike")
  • get used to + -ing: "He got used to waking up early." (NOT "to wake up")
  • object to + -ing: "I object to feeding wild animals." (NOT "to feed")

🔑 Quick test: replace "to" with "towards" or "at". If it still makes sense as a direction/position word, it is a preposition → use -ing.

Exercise A  Easy  — Direction (Noun) or Verb-link?
1. I need to ___ a new leash for my dog.
2. We are going to ___ this weekend.
3. He walked to ___ to look for his dog.
4. I would like to ___ a stray cat.
5. She traveled to ___ to see the wildlife.
Exercise  Easy  — "to" trap: gerund or infinitive?
1. I look forward to ___ you in the valley.
2. She is used to ___ long distances on trails.
3. I want ___ the endangered species. (want = planning verb)
4. He got used to ___ up early for birdwatching.
5. We decided ___ near the wildlife sanctuary.
Exercise B  Hard  — Write "noun" or "verb" after the underlined word
1. I want to rescue a dog. → "rescue" is a ___
2. She drove to the trail. → "the trail" is a ___
3. We need to protect this habitat. → "protect" is a ___
4. They hiked to the meadow. → "the meadow" is a ___
5. He decided to feed the stray cat. → "feed" is a ___
D · Adjective + Infinitive

It is + adjective + to + verb  /  I am + adjective + to + verb

It is + adjective + to + verb
✔ "It is easy to explore the forest with a trail map."
✔ "It is important to protect endangered species."
✔ "It is difficult to spot a wild bear."
✔ "It is dangerous to feed stray animals."
Subject + be + adjective + to + verb
✔ "I am happy to help at the shelter."
✔ "She is ready to adopt a dog."
✔ "We are surprised to see a deer here."
✔ "He is afraid to enter the den."  (Note: afraid OF + -ing is also correct)

🎯 Common adjectives used in this pattern

  • Positive feelings: happy, glad, pleased, excited, ready, lucky
  • Negative feelings: afraid, sorry, sad, surprised, shocked
  • Evaluation: easy, hard, difficult, important, dangerous, possible, impossible
Exercise G  Easy  — Choose the correct form after the adjective
1. It is important ___ the habitat of wild animals.
2. I am happy ___ you about the shelter.
3. It is difficult ___ rare birds in this forest.
4. She is ready ___ a rescue dog.
5. It is dangerous ___ stray animals near the road.
Exercise H  Hard  — Fill in: it is + adjective + to, or subject + be + adjective + to
1. ___ important / protect wild species.
2. I / glad / help at the shelter.
3. ___ easy / explore the forest trail.
4. She / surprised / see a fox in the meadow.
5. ___ impossible / spot a wolf without patience.
E · Bare Infinitive — Verb without "to"

After modal verbs and make / let

🎯 Rule 1 — After modal verbs

After can, could, must, should, shall, will, may, would — use the base verb with NO "to".

  • "You can see deer on this trail."  (not "can to see")
  • "We must protect this habitat."  (not "must to protect")
  • "She should adopt a rescue dog."  (not "should to adopt")
  • "Shall we explore the valley?"  (not "shall to explore")

🎯 Rule 2 — After make and let (causative)

make (force someone) and let (allow someone) are also followed by the bare infinitive.

  • "The mud made me slip on the slope."  (not "made to slip")
  • "Let the dog run free in the meadow."  (not "let to run")
  • "The noise made the birds fly away."  (not "made to fly")
  • "She let the cat go outside."  (not "let to go")

⚠️ Help — takes either bare infinitive or to + verb

  • "Can you help me carry the backpack?" (bare infinitive — informal)
  • "Can you help me to carry the backpack?" (to + verb — also correct)
Exercise I  Easy  — Bare infinitive or to + verb? Choose
1. You must ___ your campsite before leaving.
2. She let her dog ___ off the leash in the meadow.
3. The cold weather made us ___ early.
4. Can you ___ me find the trail?
5. We should ___ more rare habitats.
Exercise J  Hard  — Fill in the bare infinitive (no "to"!)
1. You must ___ (respect) wildlife in its natural habitat.
2. She let the cat ___ (explore) the garden for the first time.
3. The rain made us ___ (stop) the hike early.
4. Can you ___ (look after) my dog this weekend?
5. You should ___ (visit) the wildlife sanctuary.
F · Verbs + Both — No Meaning Change

Start, begin, continue, prefer — either form is correct

🎯 These verbs can take either -ing or to + verb with the same meaning

  • start / begin: "It started raining." = "It started to rain."
  • continue: "He continued hiking." = "He continued to hike."
  • prefer: "I prefer walking in nature." = "I prefer to walk in nature."
  • love / like / hate (general): "She loves camping." = "She loves to camp." (British English tends to use -ing; American English often uses to + verb)

💡 A1 Tip — when TWO answers are correct

In exercises with start, begin, continue, prefer, both the -ing and the to + verb answer can be correct. In normal speech, both sound natural. At A1 you will not usually be tested on which to pick — just know that both are possible.

Exercise K  Easy  — Both are correct — which sounds more natural here?
1. It started ___ heavily during our hike.
2. He continued ___ even after the sun went down.
3. I prefer ___ in the countryside to the city.
4. The dog began ___ loudly when it heard the birds.
5. She loves ___ photos of wildlife.
Exercise L  Hard  — Rewrite the sentence using the other form (same meaning)
1. "It started to snow on the slope." → "It started ___."
2. "She continued walking the dog." → "She continued ___."
3. "I prefer to camp in summer." → "I prefer ___."
4. "He began exploring the trail." → "He began ___."
5. "They love to hike at dawn." → "They love ___."
G · Verbs + Both — Meaning Changes!

Stop, remember, forget, try — the form changes the meaning

stop + -ing → stop doing something

"Stop feeding the wild animals!"
= Don't do it anymore.

"He stopped hiking because he was tired."
= He was hiking. Now he stopped.

stop + to + verb → stop in order to do something

"He stopped to photograph a bird."
= He paused his walk in order to take a photo.

"We stopped to rest by the pond."
= We paused our journey to rest.

remember / forget + -ing → past action

"I remember feeding the ducks as a child."
= I have the memory of doing it.

"I forgot locking the cage."
= I don't remember whether I did it.

remember / forget + to + verb → future/duty

"Remember to bring the leash tomorrow!"
= Don't forget — you need to do it.

"I forgot to feed my cat this morning."
= I had to do it, but I did not.

try + -ing → experiment / attempt a method

"Try adding warm milk to the bowl."
= Experiment — see if it works.

"I tried whistling to call the dog."
= I used whistling as a method.

try + to + verb → attempt something difficult

"I tried to catch the bird, but it flew away."
= I made an effort but it was hard.

"She tried to climb the slope."
= She attempted it (with effort).

Exercise M  Easy  — Choose the form that fits the meaning
1. He stopped ___ to take a photo of the deer. (he paused his walk in order to take a photo)
2. "Stop ___ the wild boar — it is dangerous!" (stop the action)
3. Remember ___ the cat before you leave! (you have to do it — future duty)
4. I remember ___ in this meadow as a child. (past memory)
5. I tried ___ the trail without a map, but I got lost. (made a difficult attempt)
Exercise N  Hard  — Explain the meaning difference. Fill in the correct form
1. I forgot ___ (close) the cage. (I do not know if I did it.)
2. I forgot ___ (close) the cage. (I had to do it, but I did not.)
3. Try ___ (add) less food — maybe the dog will eat more. (experiment)
4. She stopped ___ (talk) when the wolf appeared. (she was talking, then stopped)
5. We stopped ___ (rest) at the top of the slope. (we paused our walk to rest)
H · Negative Forms

Making gerunds and infinitives negative

not + -ing  /  not to + verb
✔ "I decided not to camp near the river."  (infinitive negative: not goes before to)
✔ "She chose not to adopt a dog this year."
✔ "I enjoy not working on weekends."  (gerund negative: not goes before -ing)
✔ "Try not to feed the wild animals."
✔ "Not knowing the trail made the hike harder."  (gerund as subject, negative)

🎯 Rule — "not" always goes directly before the gerund or infinitive

  • Infinitive negative: Subject + verb + not to + base verb
    "I decided not to go."  (NOT "I didn't decide to go" — different meaning)
  • Gerund negative: Subject + verb + not + verb-ing
    "I enjoy not working."  /  "He regrets not visiting the valley."
Exercise O  Easy  — Choose the correct negative form
1. She decided ___ a tent on this trip. (she made a decision not to bring it)
2. I enjoy ___ early on Sundays. (I like the state of not waking up early)
3. Remember ___ the animals. (future duty — do not do it)
4. They chose ___ near the wolf den. (decision about the future)
5. ___ the trail made the hike harder. (gerund as subject — the fact that we did not know)
Exercise P  Hard  — Rewrite using the negative form of the verb in brackets
1. "I decided ___. (feed) the wild boar." (decision not to do it)
2. "I enjoy ___. (check) my phone on hikes." (I like the state of not doing it)
3. "Try ___ (make) noise near the nests." (advice — do not do it)
4. "___ (bring) water was a big mistake." (gerund as subject)
5. "She promised ___ (pick) the wild flowers." (future promise not to do it)

Reading Texts

Read each text carefully. Gerunds and infinitives are shown in bold. Answer the three questions for each text.
Text 1 of 2

The Mountain Trip

Mark loves exploring new places. Hiking in the mountains is his favourite hobby. This weekend, he plans to go to the Rila mountains. He decided not to take his car and to travel by bus instead.

He needs to pack carefully because he hates being cold. It is important to bring enough water for the trail. He is very interested in taking photos of wild animals. Yesterday, he bought a new camera to get better pictures.

He hopes to see a wild deer, but he is afraid of meeting a bear. He knows he must remember to clean up his campsite before leaving. He also stopped at a shop to buy extra food for the trip, and he tried not to forget anything important.

1. Why did Mark buy a new camera?
2. What does "He stopped at a shop to buy food" mean?
3. Which sentence is a gerund used as a subject?
Text 2 of 2

Rescuing Max

Sarah decided to adopt a dog from the local shelter. Rescuing a pet is a big responsibility, but she was happy to do it. She went there to look for a small, quiet puppy. Instead, she fell in love with Max, a large, energetic dog.

"I don't mind walking him twice a day," Sarah says. "He is very good at catching balls. I tried to train him last week, but he kept running away. I should try using treats — it might work better."

Max made her laugh every day. She let him run free in the meadow every evening. She chose not to use a long leash because he is very gentle. Looking after a pet is not always easy, but Sarah enjoys spending time with Max and she would never stop trying to be the best owner she can be.

1. What does "Max made her laugh" tell us about the grammar structure?
2. "I tried to train him." What does this mean?
3. Why did Sarah choose not to use a long leash?

Grammar Exercises — 12 Sets

5 questions per set. All in a nature and pets context.