Lesson 3: Nouns, Countries & Numbers
Plurals, Articles, Nationalities & 1-100
Part 1: Nouns (Съществителни)
1.1 Countable vs Uncountable
- Countable (C): Can count (1, 2, 3...). Uses a/an/s.
Ex: One apple, Two apples. - Uncountable (U): Cannot count (Liquids, Abstract). Always singular. No a/an.
Ex: Water, Money, Information.
1.2 Regular Plurals (Правила за множествено число)
| Rule | Singular -> Plural | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Normal (+s) | Book -> Books | Car -> Cars, Dog -> Dogs |
| Ends in s, sh, ch, x (+es) | Bus -> Buses | Box -> Boxes, Watch -> Watches |
| Consonant + y (-y +ies) | City -> Cities | Baby -> Babies, Lady -> Ladies |
| Ends in f/fe (-f +ves) | Leaf -> Leaves | Wife -> Wives, Knife -> Knives |
1.3 Irregular Plurals (Изключения)
⚠️ Memorize these!
Man -> Men
Woman -> Women
Child -> Children
Person -> People
Tooth -> Teeth
Foot -> Feet
Mouse -> Mice
Fish -> Fish (No change!)
Man -> Men
Woman -> Women
Child -> Children
Person -> People
Tooth -> Teeth
Foot -> Feet
Mouse -> Mice
Fish -> Fish (No change!)
Part 2: Articles (a / an / the)
2.1 Indefinite (A / AN)
Use for Singular, Countable nouns when talking generally (First mention).
| Article | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| A | Before Consonant Sound | A car, A university (Sound 'You') |
| AN | Before Vowel Sound | An apple, An hour (Silent H) |
2.2 Definite (THE)
Use when the object is Specific or Unique.
✅ I bought a book. The book is red. (We know which book).
✅ The sun is hot. (Only one sun).
✅ The sun is hot. (Only one sun).
2.3 Zero Article (No Article)
❌ Do NOT use articles for:
1. General Plurals (I like dogs).
2. Names of people/cities (This is Sofia).
3. Uncountable concepts (Time is money).
1. General Plurals (I like dogs).
2. Names of people/cities (This is Sofia).
3. Uncountable concepts (Time is money).
Part 3: Countries, Nationalities & Languages
I am from [Country]. I am [Nationality]. I speak [Language].
1. Countries (Държави)
| English | IPA | Bulgarian | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria | /bʌlˈɡeə.ri.ə/ | България | I live in Bulgaria. |
| England | /ˈɪŋ.ɡlənd/ | Англия | London is in England. |
| Germany | /ˈdʒɜː.mə.ni/ | Германия | Germany is big. |
| France | /frɑːns/ | Франция | Paris is in France. |
| The USA | /ðə ˌjuː.esˈeɪ/ | САЩ | He is from The USA. |
| The UK | /ðə ˌjuːˈkeɪ/ | Обединеното кралство | I work in The UK. |
| The Netherlands | /ðə ˈneð.ə.ləndz/ | Нидерландия | The Netherlands is nice. |
2. Nationalities (Националности)
| English | IPA | Bulgarian | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian | /bʌlˈɡeə.ri.ən/ | Българин | I am Bulgarian. |
| English | /ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ/ | Англичанин | He is English. |
| German | /ˈdʒɜː.mən/ | Германец | She is German. |
| American | /əˈmer.ɪ.kən/ | Американец | Are you American? |
| Japanese | /ˌdʒæp.ənˈiːz/ | Японец | He is Japanese. |
3. Languages (Езици)
| English | IPA | Bulgarian | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian | /bʌlˈɡeə.ri.ən/ | Български | I speak Bulgarian. |
| English | /ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ/ | Английски | English is useful. |
| French | /frentʃ/ | Френски | Do you speak French? |
Part 4: Numbers (1-100)
The Basics (1-20)
1
One
One
2
Two
Two
3
Three
Three
4
Four
Four
5
Five
Five
6
Six
Six
7
Seven
Seven
8
Eight
Eight
9
Nine
Nine
10
Ten
Ten
11
Eleven
Eleven
12
Twelve
Twelve
13
Thirteen
Thirteen
14
Fourteen
Fourteen
15
Fifteen
Fifteen
16
Sixteen
Sixteen
17
Seventeen
Seventeen
18
Eighteen
Eighteen
19
Nineteen
Nineteen
20
Twenty
Twenty
Compound Numbers (21-99)
Combine the Ten and the Unit with a hyphen (-).
21: Twenty-one
35: Thirty-five
99: Ninety-nine
21: Twenty-one
35: Thirty-five
99: Ninety-nine
| Number | Word |
|---|---|
| 22 | Twenty-two |
| 33 | Thirty-three |
| 44 | Forty-four (No 'u'!) |
| 55 | Fifty-five |
| 100 | One Hundred |
Exercises (15 Sets)
Test your knowledge. Each set has 5 questions.
Light Novel: The Office Guests
Jake meets visitors from different countries.
Jake
Boss
Mr. Sato
Japan
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Mini Games
Listen to the number and click the ball!